巉 [chán]
1. Mountainous terrain is steep and lofty.
- Example: ~~刻 (a. Mountain peaks are sheer; b. Words are sharp).
- Usage:巉岩, 巉峭, 巉峻, 巉崖.
2. Precipitous and rugged.
- Example: Relentless hills and cliffs, as mentioned in "Xu Xiake's Travels": "Following the creek along the mountain, there is a stretch of steep cliffs."
- Example usage:
- High and steep, like a knife edge (峭).
- Rugged and jagged (形容山石突兀重叠).
3. Symbolically sharp or cutting (used in expressions such as 'sharp words' or 'pointed writing').
- Example: 再如: 巉刻 (Mountain peaks are sharp, as if cut with a knife. Metaphorically means sharpness in speech or writing).
- Example usage: 巉峭 (high and steep).
4. Jagged and rugged (a description of uneven terrain).
- Related quote: "In the poem by Su Shi: The chaotic peaks look like spear heads, and the water is calm and oil-like."
- Example usage: 巉屼 (a description of mountains and rocks that are piled and jutting).